Modes of Political Representation: Toward a New Typology

The mandate-independence controversy still features prominently in studies of political representation even though the problems with its theoretical foundation and empirical operationalization have long been recognized. This article proposes an alternative typology of modes of representation. By combining type of control (ex ante or ex post) with direction of the interactions (bottom-up or top-down), our study captures the most important aspects of the relationship between voters and representatives. We demonstrate how the typology can be used in a survey instrument by comparing the attitudes toward representation of Dutch members of Parliament with the attitudes held by voters, and by relating the views of the members to their behavior

K+^+ production in proton-nucleus reactions and the role of momentum-dependent potentials

The production of $K^+$ mesons in proton-nucleus collisions from 1.0 to 2.5 GeV is analyzed with respect to one-step nucleon-nucleon $(NN\to N Y K^+$) and two-step $\Delta$-nucleon $(\Delta N \to K^+ Y N$) or pion-nucleon $(\pi N \to K^+ Y$) production channels on the basis of a coupled-channel transport approach (CBUU) including the kaon final state interactions. The influence of momentum-dependent potentials for the nucleon, hyperon and kaon in the final state are studied as well as the importance of $K^+$ elastic rescattering in the target nucleus. The transport calculations are compared to the experimental $K^+$ spectra taken at LBL Berkeley, SATURNE, CELSIUS, GSI and COSY-J\"ulich. It is found that the momentum-dependent baryon potentials effect the excitation function of the $K^+$ cross section; at low bombarding energies of $\sim$ 1.0 GeV the attractive baryon potentials in the final state lead to a relative enhancement of the kaon yield whereas the net repulsive potential at bombarding energies $\sim$ 2 GeV causes a decrease of the $K^+$ cross section. Furthermore it is pointed out, that especially the $K^+$ spectra at low momenta (or kinetic energy $T_K$) allow to determine the in-medium $K^+$ potential almost model independently due to a relative shift of the $K^+$ spectra in kinetic energy that arises from the acceleration of the kaons when propagating out of the nuclear medium to free space, i.e. converting potential energy to kinetic energy of the free kaon.Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX, including 10 postscript figures, submitted to Eur. Phys. J.

Husay, Sandugo, and Kapatiran: Peace Process and Education for Development

The current paper is fused from two papers delivered in separate events: “A Mindanao Historian’s Views On the Basic Issues of the GRP-MILF Peace Process,” delivered during the Peace Process Exchange Workshop hosted by the Hiroshima University Partnership for Peacebuilding and Capacity Development (HiPeC) from 30 July to 5 August 2012, and “Peace Process and Peace Education for Development,” delivered during the Teaching Enriched History and Bridging Cultures: In Search of Peace in Mindanao, Philippines” hosted by the Mindanao State University–Marawi at Crystal Inn, Iligan City, last 21 June 2013. In this invited paper, I draw on my many years of experience as an academic, peace advocate, and member of the government peace panel in talks with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) from 1993 to 1996 and with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) from 2004 to 2008. I have also added a few reflections given the recent developments in the Bangsamoro Basic Law and the Mamasapano incident. Keywords: Bangsamoro; Lumad; Mindanao; peace education; peace process; Philippine histor

Transport analysis of K+ production in proton-nucleus reactions

The production of $K^+$ mesons in proton-nucleus collisions from 1.0 to 2.3 GeV is analyzed with respect to one-step nucleon-nucleon $(NN\to N Y K^+$) and two-step $\Delta$-nucleon $(\Delta N \to K^+ Y N$) or pion-nucleon $(\pi N \to K^+ Y$) production channels on the basis of a coupled-channel transport approach (CBUU) including the kaon final-state-interactions (FSI). Momentum-dependent potentials for the nucleon, hyperon and kaon in the final state are included as well as $K^+$ elastic rescattering in the target nucleus. The transport calculations are compared to the experimental $K^+$ spectra taken at COSY-J\"ulich. Our systematic analysis of $K^+$ spectra from $^{12}C$, $^{63}Cu$, $^{107}Ag$ and $^{197}Au$ targets as well as their momentum differential ratios gives a repulsive $K^+$ potential of $20\pm 5$ MeV at normal nuclear matter density.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Eur. Phys. J.

Universal Jurisdiction And The Case Of Belgium: A Critucal Assessment

Praised in some quarters as a useful tool for bringing criminal perpetrators to justice, criticized by others as a threat to state sovereignty, universal jurisdiction has certainly emerged as a heated topic within international criminal law

Towards A New Transitional Justice Model: Assessing the Serbian Case

This Article will survey the key episodes of transitional justice in various countries since the 1970s, and then apply the lessons gleaned to the transition of Serbia during the first five years following the deposition of authoritarian ruler Slobodan Milosevic in October 200, and the subsequent establishment of democratic rule...This article will show that the empirical evidence demonstrates that the outcome of the transitional justice process a country undertakes, upon its political stability, needs to be taken into account when fashioning said process

On the Delta I = 1/2 rule in the Lambda N ----> N N reaction

It is shown that the mass dependence of the $\Lambda$-lifetime in heavy hypernuclei is sensitive to the ratio of neutron-induced to proton-induced non-mesonic decay rates R_n/R_p. A comparison of the experimental mass dependence of the lifetimes with the calculated ones for different values of R_n/R_p leads to the conclusion that this ratio is larger than 2 on the confidence level of 0.75. This suggests that the phenomenological $\Delta$I=1/2 rule might be violated for the nonmesonic decay of the $\Lambda$-hyperon.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, to be published in European Physical Journal

Customary International Law: A Reconceptualization

The current state of international law is one of deep confusion over the role of state practice and opinio juris within the customary element. The debate between adherents of “modern custom” versus those of “traditional custom” has resulted in deep uncertainty and confusion. New theories of customary international law have proved inadequate in clarifying the current state of the field. Confusions over the meanings and relationships between state practice and opinio juris aside, current approaches are all also flawed due to a heavily state-centric bias that fails to take into account the very real affects that norm-generating transnational actors have on the international system. “Conceptual stretching” is an idea coined by the social scientist Giovanni Sartori to describe the distortions that result when established concepts are introduced to new cases without the required accompanying adaption. This idea is important to the discussion because the current conceptualization of customary international law, relying as it does on the dual attributes of state practice and opinio juris, is “conceptually stretched.” Utilizing Sartori’s “ladder of abstraction,” a new framework for studying customary international norms can be utilized, one which looks to general theories of norm formation instead of focusing on customary international law and its dual attributes of state practice and opinio juris. In pursuing this line of inquiry, the idea of “legal recursivity” is especially promising and can be seen as a more apt description of how, in a new international system dominated by norm-generating transnational actors, international norms develop and operate. First proposed by legal sociologists Terence Halliday and Bruce Carruthers, “legal recursivity” examines how norms can be exchanged and transferred between the transnational governmental, quasi-governmental, and non-governmental institutions within the international community as a whole, and domestic states

Customary International Law: A Reconceptualization

The current state of international law is one of deep confusion over the role of state practice and opinio juris within the customary element. The debate between adherents of “modern custom” versus those of “traditional custom” has resulted in deep uncertainty and confusion. New theories of customary international law have proved inadequate in clarifying the current state of the field. Confusions over the meanings and relationships between state practice and opinio juris aside, current approaches are all also flawed due to a heavily state-centric bias that fails to take into account the very real affects that norm-generating transnational actors have on the international system. “Conceptual stretching” is an idea coined by the social scientist Giovanni Sartori to describe the distortions that result when established concepts are introduced to new cases without the required accompanying adaption. This idea is important to the discussion because the current conceptualization of customary international law, relying as it does on the dual attributes of state practice and opinio juris, is “conceptually stretched.” Utilizing Sartori’s “ladder of abstraction,” a new framework for studying customary international norms can be utilized, one which looks to general theories of norm formation instead of focusing on customary international law and its dual attributes of state practice and opinio juris. In pursuing this line of inquiry, the idea of “legal recursivity” is especially promising and can be seen as a more apt description of how, in a new international system dominated by norm-generating transnational actors, international norms develop and operate. First proposed by legal sociologists Terence Halliday and Bruce Carruthers, “legal recursivity” examines how norms can be exchanged and transferred between the transnational governmental, quasi-governmental, and non-governmental institutions within the international community as a whole, and domestic states